Risk of eating disorders in Mexican university students.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution of the risk of developing an eating disorder, other psychological variables, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity in Mexican university students. The second aim was to determine the association between the risk of developing an eating disorder and all variables by sex. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was carried out. SETTING: The Health Sciences Institute and the Agricultural Sciences Institute within the Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: 395 university students (65 % women) aged 18 to 29. ANALYSIS: Descriptive, correlational and binary regression model. RESULTS: The risk of developing an eating disorder (moderate and high) was 37.3 % for women and 32.6 % for men. A logistic regression analysis of women showed that thin-ideal internalization (12.9 times), BMI (3.5 times) and inactivity (2.6 times) increased the risk of developing an eating disorder. In men, the drive for muscularity (7.5 times) and BMI (2.3 times) increased the risk. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: The variables associated with the risk of developing an eating disorder differed by sex, except for BMI, which increased the risk in both sexes. Findings should be considered in the design of future interventions to prevent the risk of eating disorders and associated factors.

Prevalencia de conductas alimentarias de riesgo en adolescentes mexicanos: Ensanut Continua 2022.

OBJETIVO: Reportar prevalencias poblacionales actualizadas de conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR) con respecto a edad, sexo, condiciones de bienestar, tipo de localidad y región del país. Material y métodos. Se utilizaron los datos de adolescentes (n = 3 547) de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2022 (Ensanut 2022) obtenidos mediante el cuestionario breve de conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CBCAR) y datos sociodemográficos. Se obtuvieron prevalencias e intervalos de confianza. RESULTADOS: El 1.6% (2.0% en mujeres y 1.2% en hombres) de los adolescentes tienen riesgo de un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria, en aquéllos entre 14 y 19 años, 2.3%, en zonas urbanas 2.1%, en la región centro 2.9% y por tercer quintil de bienestar, 3.1%. Conclusión. Los datos mostrados señalan la importancia de continuar monitoreando las CAR en encuestas representativas nacionales, a diferencia de los estudios realizados en muestras no probabilísticas; la Ensanut permite contar con datos que reflejan la diversidad de la población mexicana.

Sex and Body Mass Index differences after one-year follow-up of an eating disorders risk factors universal prevention intervention in university students in Mexico City / Diferencias por sexo e índice de masa corporal a un año de seguimiento de una intervención de prevención universal para disminuir factores de riesgo para los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en estudiantes universitarios de la Ciudad de México

Abstract Introduction Interventions based on cognitive dissonance theory are the most effective for preventing eating disorders. Objective To identify the changes at one year follow-up of a universal prevention intervention in disordered eating behaviors (DEB), thin-ideal internalization (TII), and drive for muscularity (DM). Method A pre-experimental, pretest-posttest study was conducted on 602 university student subjects (76.1% women and 23.9% men) with an average age of 20.74 years at a public (30.6%) and a private university (69.4%) in Mexico City. A Split Plot ANOVA was performed with the intrasubject variable equal to each measurement (pretest, posttest, and follow-up), as well as the sex and body mass index (BMI) intersubject variables to analyze whether there was a significant interaction between these variables and the changes in dependent variables, as well as the changes through each measurement by group. Results In the intrasubject analyses, statistically significant differences were found for DEB through the various measurements, without taking the interactions into account. Statistically significant interactions were observed between each measurement and BMI, and between each measurement and sex and BMI for the DM variable. Discussion and conclusion Since a reduction of TII in women and DM in men was achieved, together with a decrease in DEB in women, the workshop can be said to have fully achieved its objectives for women and partly so for men.

Resumen Introducción Las intervenciones basadas en la teoría de la disonancia cognoscitiva son las más efectivas para la prevención de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Objetivo Conocer los cambios a un año de seguimiento de una intervención de prevención universal en las conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR), interiorización del ideal estético de la delgadez (IED) y la motivación por la musculatura (MM). Método Se llevó a cabo un estudio pre-experimental pretest-postest en 602 (76.1% mujeres y 23.9% hombres) sujetos estudiantes universitarios con una edad promedio de 20.74 años en una universidad pública (30.6%) y una privada (69.4%) de la Ciudad de México. Se realizó un ANOVA split plot con la variable intrasujetos igual a cada medición (pretest, postest y seguimiento) así como el sexo y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) variables intersujetos, para analizar si existía una interacción significativa entre dichas variables y los cambios sobre las variables dependientes, así como los cambios a través de cada medición por grupo. Resultados en los análisis intrasujetos se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para las CAR a través de las distintas mediciones, sin tomar en cuenta las interacciones. Se observaron interacciones estadísticamente significativas entre cada medición y el IMC, y entre cada medición con el sexo y el IMC para la variable MM. Discusión y conclusión Se logró la reducción de la IED en las mujeres y de la MM en los hombres, así como la disminución de las CAR en las mujeres por lo que se considera que el taller logra sus objetivos para las mujeres y parcialmente para los varones.

Validation of a new screening questionnaire for disordered eating behaviors in men.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop an instrument to identify disordered eating behaviors (DEB) in college men (hereafter, DEBM-Q). METHODS: A two-stage project consisting of a diagnostic scale construction (n1 = 9 for interviews, n2 = 9 for cognitive laboratory) and a validation study with a cross-sectional sample (N = 570) was carried out. Both semi-structured interviews and a cognitive laboratory with nine participants were conducted to obtain DEBM-Q items. DEBM-Q was applied to 570 freshmen male in Mexico City. Psychometric characteristics and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) were analyzed. An item-total correlation value greater than 0.30 was determined, and factor loads greater than 0.40 were considered valid. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA, n1 = 297) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA, n2 = 273) were performed. RESULTS: Two fixed factors explaining 55.08% of the total variance were extracted. Factor 1, "Drive for Thinness" (8 items), explained 30.84% of the variance, whereas factor 2, "Drive for Muscularity" (8 items), explained 24.23% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha for the whole questionnaire was 0.84. DEBM-Q was correlated with the Dutch Food Restriction Scale (RS) (r = 0.52, p < 0.001), Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) (r = 0.46, p < 0.001), Emotional Eating Scale (EES) (r = 0.18, p < 0.001), and Negative Affect Subscale (PANAS-X) (r = 0.11, p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: DEBM-Q is a valid and practical short screening tool (16 items) allowing early identification of disordered eating in young men, thereby facilitating clinical management. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V: Opinions of authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees.

Disordered eating behaviors and psychological correlates. Data from the Ensanut 2018-19

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between disordered eating behaviors (DEB) and depressive symptoms, suicide attempts, and alcohol and tobacco use in adolescents in a national survey in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from the Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018-19 were used. Three levels of DEB were established: no risk (DEB-NR), moderate risk (DEB-MR), and high risk (DEB-HR). An ordinal logistic regression model was performed with level of DEB risk as a dependent variable. RESULTS: National prevalence of DEB-MR was 6.0% (95%CI: 5.6, 6.5), while that of DEB-HR was 1.3% (95%CI: 1.1, 1.6). Suicide attempt (OR= 1.82, 95%CI: 1.02,3.25) and depressive symptoms (OR= 2.6, 95%CI: 1.40,4.98) were associated with being at a higher risk of DEB. CONCLUSION: Since both depressive symptoms and suicide attempt are associated with DEB, prevention strategies should consider interventions that simultaneously address the various mental health problems present in adolescence.

Sensitivity, specificity, and cut-off points in the Brief Questionnaire for Measuring Disordered Eating Behaviors in Mexican Women.

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that disordered eating behaviors can result in eating disorders, which is already a reality for the Mexican population, representing an increasingly complex public health problem. Early detection is therefore essential. AIM OF THE STUDY: To obtain the sensitivity, specificity, and cut-off points of the Brief Questionnaire for Measuring Disordered Eating Behaviors to identify eating disorders in Mexican women. METHODS: The Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire and the Brief Questionnaire for Disordered Eating Behaviors were applied to patients diagnosed with eating disorders at two public health institutions and university students. ROC analysis was performed to determine sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and cut-off points. RESULTS: Three cut-off points were obtained: first: eight points (Sensitivity = 60.7%, Specificity = 92.2%), showing low risk; second: 11 points (sensitivity = 24.1%; specificity = 98.9%), detecting moderate risk; and, finally, 15 points and over (sensitivity = 4.46%; specificity = 100%), indicating high risk. CONCLUSIONS: The instrument adequately identifies those individuals who are not at risk for eating disorders, making it possible to channel prevention efforts towards those who do have DEB, thus optimizing resources. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III: case-control analytic study.

Relación entre estatus nutricional, insatisfacción corporal y conductas alimentarias de riesgo en estudiantes de nutrición / Relationship between nutritional status, body dissatisfaction and risky eating behaviors in Nutrition students

Resumen La presión sociocultural sobre los estudiantes universitarios, y en particular los que estudian nutrición, influye de manera negativa en su imagen corporal (IC), lo que favorece la adopción de conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR), independientemente de su estatus nutricional (ETN). El propósito del presente trabajo fue analizar la relación entre insatisfacción corporal (INC), ETN y CAR en estudiantes de nutrición. Participaron 370 estudiantes de una universidad privada (93.5% mujeres), con edad promedio de 19.5 años (DE = 2.5). Aunque 81% de los estudiantes era normopeso, 72.3% presentaron INC. Los participantes con obesidad, sobrepeso o normopeso presentaron riesgo moderado de presentar CAR (p < .05), pero no aquellos que estaban satisfechos con su IC (p < .05). Específicamente, los estudiantes que desearon tener una silueta más delgada mostraron mayor riesgo de presentar CAR (OR = 2.97, p < .05) vs. quienes deseaban tener una más robusta (p = .76). Además, a mayor índice de masa corporal, mayor práctica de ejercicio para bajar de peso, dietas restrictivas, atracones y pérdida de control al comer (p < .05). Es necesario desarrollar intervenciones orientadas a mejorar la satisfacción corporal para prevenir CAR entre estudiantes universitarios, y con mayor énfasis en aquellos que optan por cursar la carrera de nutrición.

Abstract The sociocultural pressure on university students, and particularly those studying Nutrition, negatively influences their body image (BI), which favors the adoption of risky eating behaviors (REB), regardless of their nutritional status (NS). The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between body dissatisfaction (BD), NS and REB in Nutrition students. A total of 370 students from a private university participated (93.5% women), with a mean age of 19.5 years (SD = 2.5). Although 81% of the students were normal weight, 72.3% had BD. Participants with obesity, overweight or normal weight had moderate risk of REB (p < .05), but not those who were satisfied with their BI (p < .05). Specifically, students who wished to have a thinner silhouette showed greater risk of REB (OR = 2.97, p < .05) vs. those who wished to have a robust silhouette (p = . 76). In addition, the higher body mass index, the more exercise to lose weight, restrictive diets, binge eating and loss of control when eating (p < .05). It is necessary to develop interventions aimed at improving body satisfaction to prevent REB among university students, with greater emphasis on those who choose Nutrition as a professional career.

Parental negative weight/shape comments and their association with disordered eating behaviors: A systematic review / Comentarios negativos paternos acerca de peso/forma corporal y su asociación con las conductas alimentarias de riesgo: Una revisión sistemática

Abstract The purpose of this study was to find the association between receiving negative parental weight and shape comments, and the presence of disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) in young adults. A systematic review was conducted answering the following PECO question: Population / young adults; Exposure / negative comments, criticism or teasing about weight and shape by parents; Comparison groups / not applicable; and Outcome / DEBs. Due to the use of different statistical measurements, a narrative was chosen to present the results. An association between negative comments and DEBs was found in male and female university students. Women reported more negative comments, higher body dissatisfaction and DEBs than men. Body dissatisfaction was found as a mediator of negative comments and DEBs, and sex as a moderator between body dissatisfaction and DEBs. The results have implications for the influence social pressure has on the internalization of the thin-ideal and on body dissatisfaction as risk factors for the development of disordered eating behaviours.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la asociación entre ser receptor de comentarios negativos paternos acerca del peso y la figura corporal, y la presencia de conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR) en adultos jóvenes. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática respondiendo a la pregunta PECO siguiente: Población / adultos jóvenes; Exposición / comentarios negativos, críticas o ridiculización por parte de los padres por el peso y la figura corporal; Comparación / no aplicó; y Resultado / CAR. Debido a las diferentes medidas estadísticas utilizadas, se eligió un formato narrativo para presentar los resultados. Estos indicaron asociación entre los comentarios negativos paternos y las CAR en hombres y mujeres estudiantes universitarios. Las mujeres reportaron recibir más comentarios negativos, así como presentar mayor insatisfacción corporal y CAR que los hombres. Entre los comentarios negativos y las CAR se encontró como mediadora a la imagen corporal, y al sexo como un moderador entre la insatisfacción corporal y las CAR. Los resultados tienen implicaciones acerca de la influencia de la presión sociocultural en la interiorización del ideal estético de delgadez y de la insatisfacción corporal como factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de CAR.

Dissonance-based Program for Eating Disorders Prevention in Mexican University Students / Un programa de prevención de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria basado en la técnica de disonancia cognitiva en alumnos universitarios mexicanos

The purpose of this study was to identify changes in the risk of eating disorders after a one-year follow-up of a dissonance-based eating disorders prevention program. The Body Project was implemented in a sample of male and female university students: 133, 110, and 74 at baseline, post-test, and follow-up respectively, and we tested the change in disordered eating behaviors (DEB) over time, and by levels of variables that according to the theoretical model lie on the path between the intervention and DEB, with one-way MANOVA analyses of repeated measures for the associations between internalization of the esthetic thin ideal, depressive symptoms, and DEB. The average value of DEB was 5.23 at pre-test, 3.45 at post-test, and 2.80 at follow-up. The model with DEB at each time point, as dependent variables, and internalization of the esthetic thin ideal and depressive symptoms, as independent variables, showed a significant effect of internalization of the esthetic thin ideal, F(2, 136) = 7.66, p = .0011, while there was no significant effect of depressive symptoms, F(2, 136) = 0.45, p = .6191, indicating that the intervention exerted its effect on DEB via the former variable. The intervention proved to produce effects after a one-year follow-up. These findings support the implementation of universal prevention programs using dissonance-based techniques

El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar los cambios en el riesgo de desarrollar trastornos de la conducta alimentaria después de un año de seguimiento de un programa de prevención basado en la técnica de la disonancia cognitiva para trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. El Body Project fue implementado en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios, hombres y mujeres: 133, 110 y 74 en el pre-test, post-test y seguimiento, respectivamente. Se comprueba el cambio en las conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR) a lo largo del tiempo y según las variables que, de acuerdo con el modelo teórico, se encuentran entre la intervención y las CAR, con un análisis MANOVA de medidas repetidas para las asociaciones entre interiorización del ideal estético de delgadez, los síntomas depresivos y las CAR. El valor promedio de las CAR en el pre-test fue 5.23, 3.45 en el post-test y 2.80 en el seguimiento. El modelo de las CAR como variable dependiente e interiorización del ideal estético de delgadez y los síntomas depresivos como variables independientes mostró un efecto significativo de la internalización del ideal estético de delgadez, F(2, 136) = 7.66, p = .0011, mientras que no hubo un efecto significativo de los síntomas depresivos, F(2, 136) = 0.45, p = .6191, lo que indica que la intervención tuvo un efecto en las CAR por vía de la variable antecedente. Se mostró que la intervención produce efectos después de un año de seguimiento. Este hallazgo sustenta la implementación de programas universales de prevención que utilicen la técnica de disonancia cognoscitiva

Effect of parental criticism on disordered eating behaviors in male and female university students in Mexico City.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of parental criticism of their offspring's bodies in the development of disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) in university students in Mexico City. METHODS: A sample of 892 freshmen (502 women and 390 men) was included. The prevalence of the internalization of the aesthetic thin ideal, body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and body mass index was estimated by sex. For each sex, the effect of parental criticism on DEBs, together with that of the other covariates, was measured through ordinal regression models. RESULTS: It was found that women received more criticism from their mothers than men. Among the participants, the likelihood of DEBs is increased in the presence of criticism from both parents (OR = 2.5), criticism from the mother alone (OR = 2.0), overweight (OR = 1.7), obesity (OR = 2.1), wanting a slimmer body (OR = 8.3), and depressive symptoms (OR = 3.3). Among men, this risk is increased in the presence of criticism from both parents (OR = 2.7), being obese (OR = 2.4), wanting a slimmer body (OR = 3.4), and depressive symptoms (OR = 2.8). CONCLUSIONS: It is essential to include issues linked to parental criticism of their bodies in interventions to prevent eating disorders in college students. Level of evidence V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Parents' and daughters' perception of family aspects associated with the onset of an eating disorder / Percepción de padres e hijas acerca de los aspectos familiares asociados con el inicio de un trastorno alimentario

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify and comprehend the family aspects associated to the development of an eating disorder (ED), from the point of view of parents with daughters diagnosed with an ED and women diagnosed with an ED. It is a qualitative study where a semi structured interview was used that gathered information about familial support, emotional expression, familial cohesion, problem solving, stressful life events and life cycle transitions, criticism about eating, body shape and weight. The sample comprised nine participants: five parents with daughters diagnosed with an ED, and four women with an ED. A content analysis derived two categories: Difficulties in rearing practices, and Parent's negative attitudes towards daughters eating, shape and weight. Parents showed difficulty with rearing practices during their daughter's childhood and adolescence that hindered the identification of the beginning of the ED. Parents also demonstrated affect by expressing approbation words when their daughters were slim and skipped this same expression for those who weren't. Both aspects were related to the development of an ED. In conclusion, it is highlighted the importance of considering familial aspects in the prevention of ED.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar y comprender los aspectos familiares (AF) asociados al desarrollo de un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria (TCA), a partir de la percepción de padres con hijas diagnosticadas con TCA y de mujeres con diagnóstico de TCA. Este estudio cualitativo, con base a una entrevista semi-estructurada, abordó temas como: apoyo familiar, expresión de emociones, cohesión familiar, solución de problemas, situaciones de vida estresantes y de transición en el ciclo vital de la familia, burlas y comentarios negativos hacia la alimentación, la forma y el peso corporal. La muestra constó de nueve participantes: cinco padres de hijas diagnosticadas con TCA y cuatro mujeres con diagnóstico de TCA. El análisis de contenido derivó dos categorías: Dificultades en las prácticas parentales y Actitudes negativas de los padres hacia la alimentación, la forma y el peso de sus hijas. Los padres mostraron dificultades en las prácticas de crianza durante la infancia y la adolescencia de su hija, lo que obstaculizó la identificación del inicio del TCA. Además, los padres expresaban su afecto emitiendo palabras de aprobación cuando sus hijas eran delgadas y omitían expresarlo a las que no lo eran. Ambos aspectos relacionados con el desarrollo del TCA. En conclusión, destaca la importancia de considerar los AF en la prevención de los TCA.

Validation of eating disorders examination questionnaire in Mexican women.

BACKGROUND: Efficient assessment of eating disorders (ED) is indispensable for research and clinical practice in Mexico. One of the most commonly used questionnaires, the EDE-Q, has a self-applicable questionnaire format with 28 questions and four subscales drawn from the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), a semistructured interview developed to evaluate the specific symptomatology of eating disorders. OBJECTIVE: Obtain the factorial structure and construct validity of the EDE-Q questionnaire in Mexican women. METHOD: The language in the EDE-Q was adapted. It was applied to university students (N = 330) and a sample of patients with ED (N = 165) from two ED outpatient treatment services. The anthropometric data of the participants was obtained. Internal consistency was explored using the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted by group. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha was 0.9 for the full scale in all groups, while the reliability of each of the subscales fluctuated between 0.8 and 0.9. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the fit of the seven-item model in three factors was better than that of the original 22-item one and that of the eight-item model for one factor. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides information supporting the seven-item and three-factor version, rather than the original or eight-item versions of the EDE-Q. In the future, the adapted version of the EDE-Q will make it possible to draw comparisons between Mexican samples in other socio-cultural contexts. Future research is required to continue refining the instruments to achieve more representative results from the general ED population.

Variables associated with disordered eating behaviors among freshman students from Mexico City.

OBJECTIVE:: To estimate the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors (DEB) and identify their associations with demographic and psychological variables among freshman students at a public university in Mexico City. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: A sample of 892 subjects participated in the study. Bivariate and multinomial models were performed to determine associations between DEB and covariates. RESULTS:: Of those surveyed, 6.8% of the women and 4.1% of the men exhibited DEB (p<0.05). The variables increasing the risk of eating disorders (ED) for women were internalization of the aesthetic thin ideal (IATI), body mass index (BMI), self-esteem and physical activity, while for men they were IATI, drive for muscularity, and self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS:: The frequency of DEB among women and men and the internalization of the thin ideal in both sexes suggest the possibility of a change in the precursor conditions for eating disorders, particularly for men, who exhibit increased risk of such behaviors.

Variables associated with disordered eating behaviors among freshman students from Mexico City / Variables asociadas con conductas alimentarias de riesgo en estudiantes de la Ciudad de México

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors (DEB) and identify their associations with demographic and psychological variables among freshman students at a public university in Mexico City. Materials and methods: A sample of 892 subjects participated in the study. Bivariate and multinomial models were performed to determine associations between DEB and covariates. Results: Of those surveyed, 6.8% of the women and 4.1% of the men exhibited DEB (p<0.05). The variables increasing the risk of eating disorders (ED) for women were internalization of the aesthetic thin ideal (IATI), body mass index (BMI), self-esteem and physical activity, while for men they were IATI, drive for muscularity, and self-esteem. Conclusions: The frequency of DEB among women and men and the internalization of the thin ideal in both sexes suggest the possibility of a change in the precursor conditions for eating disorders, particularly for men, who exhibit increased risk of such behaviors.

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR) e identificar asociaciones con variables sociodemográficas y psicológicas en estudiantes de nuevo ingreso de una universidad pública de la Ciudad de México. Material y métodos: Se aplicó una encuesta a 892 estudiantes de ambos sexos. Para analizar asociaciones entre CAR y sus covariables se emplearon modelos bivariados y multivariados. Resultados: Se estimó que 6.8% de las mujeres y 4.1% de los hombres presentaron CAR (p>0.05). Entre las mujeres las variables que aumentaron el riesgo de CAR fueron interiorización del ideal estético de la delgadez (IIED), índice de masa corporal (IMC), autoestima y actividad física. Entre los hombres, las variables que sobresalieron fueron IIED, deseo por un cuerpo musculoso y autoestima. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de CAR entre mujeres y hombres, así como la IIED en ambos sexos sugiere un cambio en las condiciones de riesgo, especialmente entre los varones.

Conductas alimentarias de riesgo y correlatos psicosociales en estudiantes universitarios de primer ingreso con sobrepeso y obesidad / Disordered eating behaviors and psychological correlates among overweight and obese freshmen College students

Resumen: INTRODUCCIÓN: El comienzo de los estudios universitarios es un estresor importante para los jóvenes que se asocia con un incremento en la incidencia de depresión, ansiedad, abuso de alcohol y CAR. OBJETIVO: Analizar la relación entre CAR e IMC, su asociación con variables demográficas y psicológicas y la interacción con el IMC. MÉTODO: En una muestra de 892 estudiantes universitarios de nuevo ingreso (502 mujeres y 390 hombres) (Xedad=19.7; DE=2.9) se midió peso y estatura y se utilizaron cuestionarios validados. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de CAR fue de 6.1% en mujeres y de 4.1% en hombres. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en mujeres fue de 22.6% y de 7.4%, y en hombres fue de 26.6% y de 9.3%, respectivamente. Las mujeres y los hombres con obesidad 10.8% y 11.1% presentaron CAR de frecuencia alta, y las mujeres y hombres con sobrepeso 13.2% y 3.8%, respectivamente. En las mujeres el IMC aumenta el riesgo de CAR 1.6 veces (p < 0.05) y en los hombres 1.4 veces (p > 0.05). No se encontró interacción del IMC en la asociación de CAR con el resto de las variables. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: En ambos sexos, las variables relacionadas con la imagen corporal aumentan el riesgo de CAR significativamente (p < 0.05). Los síntomas depresivos, la baja autoestima y el IMC aumentan el riesgo entre las mujeres, y el deseo por la musculatura, nivel socioeconómico y el área de estudio entre los hombres. Se recomienda llevar a cabo una investigación específica sobre CAR en varones, para evitar el subregistro de casos.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The beginning of college studies involves important stress, which is related to an increase in the incidence of depression, anxiety, alcohol abuse and DEB. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between DEB and nutritional status measured with BMI, its association with demographic and psychological variables, and the interaction with BMI. METHOD: A sample of 892 college students in their freshman year (502 females and 390 males) (Xage=19.7; SD=2.9) was studied. Weight and height were measured, and validated questionnaires were used. RESULTS: The prevalence of DEB was 6.1% in females and 4.1% in males. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in females was 22.6%, and 7.4% and 26.6% and 9.3% in males, respectively. Among women and men with obesity 10.8% and 11.1% showed high-DEB, whilst among overweight women and men 13.2% and 3.8% showed high-DEB, respectively. BMI increases the risk for DEB 1.6 times among women (p < 0.05), 1.4 times among men (p > 0.05). There was no interaction found between BMI and the other variables. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The variables related with body image increase the risk of DEB significantly (p < 0.05) in both sexes. Depressive symptoms, low self-steem increase the risk among women, and socioeconomic status and study area increase the risk of DEB among men. The specific research of DEB among males is highly recommended to avoid the under registration of cases.

Anorexia nerviosa: el cuerpo y los mandatos sociales-superyóicos / Anorexia nervosa: The body and commands from the social-superego

En este trabajo analítico y cualitativo presentamos los resultados de una investigación aplicada a cinco chicas con diagnóstico de anorexia nerviosa o trastorno alimentario no especificado. Utilizamos metodología de la sociología clínica en seis sesiones grupales y dos entrevistas individuales, para conocer las instancias psíquicas que se ponen en juego cuando la joven con anorexia nerviosa es capaz de lastimar su cuerpo tan gravemente, y continuar con esa dinámica a veces hasta la muerte. Encontramos que no las mueve un ideal de delgadez estético y que la enfermedad es regulada por el superyó, sostenida por lo que llamamos mandatos sociales superyóicos, que son frases coaguladas -carentes de sentido-, que las instala en un fuera de control, como un regulador implacable, propiciando el dominio de la pulsión de muerte...

Eating disorders associated risk factors: trends from 2007 to 2010.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the trends on risk factors associated to eating disorders in bachelor students from an urban setting in Hidalgo in the period 2007-2010. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Students were censored both in 2007 and in 2010, and registered as 455 (50.5% female, 49.5% male) students in 2007 and 434 (49.8% female, 50.2% male) in 2010, aged 15-19 years in both cases. Three questionnaires were used to assess sociocultural factors, disordered eating behaviors, and body aesthetic thin-ideal internalization. Body dissatisfaction was measured with nine body figure analogic. To assess body mass index, each subject was weighed and height measured. Comparisons by year and gender were obtained. RESULTS: Body shape distress increased from 20.8% in 2007 to 21.7% in 2010; disordered eating behaviors trends increased from 2007 to 2010 both in females and males, but were statistically significant only in males. The percentage of subjects with body dissatisfaction in the sense to be thinner was the same in both years (39.8%). The risk analysis showed an increase in those with disordered eating, in thin-ideal internalization, advertising influence, and body shape distress, mainly in women. CONCLUSIONS: These findings must be considered in the design of preventive programs and early case detection in adolescents from Hidalgo.

[Social environment and risky eating behaviors: an exploratory study in adolescent females in Mexico]. / Medio ambiente social y conductas alimentarias de riesgo: una exploración en mujeres adolescentes en México.

The objectives of the current study were to explore: (1) the association between the social environment at the city and family levels and risky eating behaviors in adolescent females and (2) the interaction between the social and cultural environment and body mass index (BMI). The data were obtained from a representative survey of female high school students in Mexico State, Mexico (15-19 years). A questionnaire was applied on risky eating behaviors and socio-demographic data. The municipal social and cultural environment was evaluated using the municipal marginalization index. Data analysis used multivariate regression. Prevalence of risky eating behaviors was 4.23%. BMI and family socioeconomic status were directly associated with risky eating behaviors. The municipal marginalization index was not associated with risky eating behaviors. Possible explanations for the latter are that the relevant components of the social and cultural environment were not measured, or that the municipal level does not exert a contextual effect on risky eating behaviors. The effect of BMI on risky eating behaviors was greater in more marginalized municipalities.

Medio ambiente social y conductas alimentarias de riesgo: una exploración en mujeres adolescentes en México / Social environment and risky eating behaviors: an exploratory study in adolescent females in Mexico / Ambiente social e hábitos alimentares de risco: um estudo com mulheres adolescentes no México

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron explorar: (1) la asociación entre medio ambiente social a niveles municipal y familiar, y conductas alimentarias de riesgo, en mujeres adolescentes; y (2) la interacción entre medio ambiente social y cultural e índice de masa corporal (IMC). La información se obtuvo de una encuesta representativa de las estudiantes de preparatoria en el Estado de México, México (15-19 años). Se aplicó un cuestionario para conductas alimentarias de riesgo y datos sociodemográficos. Se evaluó el medio ambiente social y cultural municipal mediante el índice de marginación del municipio. El análisis se hizo mediante regresión multinivel. La prevalencia de conductas alimentarias de riesgo fue 4,23%. El IMC y el nivel socioeconómico familiar se asociaron directamente con conductas alimentarias de riesgo. El índice de marginación municipal no se asoció con conductas alimentarias de riesgo. Esto puede deberse a que no se midieron los componentes relevantes del medio ambiente social y cultural, o a que el nivel municipal no ejerza un efecto contextual sobre conductas alimentarias de riesgo. El efecto del IMC sobre conductas alimentarias de riesgo fue mayor en municipios más marginados.

The objectives of the current study were to explore: (1) the association between the social environment at the city and family levels and risky eating behaviors in adolescent females and (2) the interaction between the social and cultural environment and body mass index (BMI). The data were obtained from a representative survey of female high school students in Mexico State , Mexico (15-19 years). A questionnaire was applied on risky eating behaviors and socio-demographic data. The municipal social and cultural environment was evaluated using the municipal marginalization index. Data analysis used multivariate regression. Prevalence of risky eating behaviors was 4.23%. BMI and family socioeconomic status were directly associated with risky eating behaviors. The municipal marginalization index was not associated with risky eating behaviors. Possible explanations for the latter are that the relevant components of the social and cultural environment were not measured, or that the municipal level does not exert a contextual effect on risky eating behaviors. The effect of BMI on risky eating behaviors was greater in more marginalized municipalities.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (1) explorar a associação entre ambiente social, no nível municipal e familiar, e hábitos alimentares de risco em mulheres adolescentes; e (2) explorar a interação entre ambiente social e cultural e o índice de massa corporal (IMC). Os dados foram conseguidos através de uma pesquisa representativa entre estudantes do segundo grau no Estado de México, México (15-19 anos). Foi aplicado um questionário sobre hábitos alimentares de risco e dados sociodemográficos. O ambiente social e cultural municipal foi avaliado pelo índice de marginalização do município. A análise utilizou o modelo de regressão multinível. A prevalência de hábitos alimentares de risco foi de 4,23%. O IMC e o nível socioeconômico familiar foram diretamente associados a hábitos alimentares de risco. O índice de marginalização municipal não foi associado a hábitos alimentares de risco. Isso pode ser devido ao fato que não foram medidos os componentes relevantes do ambiente social e cultural, ou ao fato que o nível municipal não exerce um efeito contextual sobre hábitos alimentares de risco. O efeito do IMC sobre hábitos alimentares de risco foi maior nos municípios mais marginalizados.